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Table of Contents for Pro*C/C++ Precompiler Programmer's Guide
Contents
Title Page
Index
Preface
What This Guide Has to Offer
Who Should Read This Guide?
How the Pro*C/C++ Guide Is Organized
Conventions Used in This Guide
ANSI/ISO Compliance
Your Comments Are Welcome.
Send Us Your Comments
Introduction
What Is an Oracle Precompiler?
Why Use the Oracle Pro*C/C++ Precompiler?
Why Use SQL?
Why Use PL/SQL?
What Does the Pro*C/C++ Precompiler Offer?
Frequently Asked Questions
Precompiler Concepts
Key Concepts of Embedded SQL Programming
Steps in Developing an Embedded SQL Application
Programming Guidelines
Conditional Precompilations
Precompiling Separately
Compiling and Linking
Sample Tables
Sample Program: A Simple Query
Database Concepts
Connecting to the Database
Advanced Connection Options
Definitions of Transactions Terms
How Transactions Guard Your Database
How to Begin and End Transactions
Using the COMMIT Statement
Using the SAVEPOINT Statement
Using the ROLLBACK Statement
Using the RELEASE Option
Using the SET TRANSACTION Statement
Overriding Default Locking
Fetching Across COMMITs
Handling Distributed Transactions
Guidelines
Datatypes and Host Variables
Oracle Datatypes
Host Variables
Indicator Variables
VARCHAR Variables
Cursor Variables
CONTEXT Variables
Universal ROWIDs
Host Structures
Pointer Variables
National Language Support
NCHAR Variables
Advanced Topics
Handling Character Data
Datatype Conversion
Datatype Equivalencing
The C Preprocessor
Precompiled Header Files
The Oracle Preprocessor
Evaluation of Numeric Constants
SQLLIB Extensions for OCI Release 8 Interoperability
Interfacing to OCI Release 8
Embedding (OCI Release 7) Calls
New Names for SQLLIB Public Functions
Developing X/Open Applications
Embedded SQL
Using Host Variables
Using Indicator Variables
The Basic SQL Statements
The DML Returning Clause
Using Cursors
Optimizer Hints
Using the CURRENT OF Clause
Using All of the Cursor Statements
A Complete Example
Positioned Update
Embedded PL/SQL
Advantages of PL/SQL
Embedding PL/SQL Blocks
Using Host Variables
Using Indicator Variables
Using Host Arrays
Cursor Usage in Embedded PL/SQL
Stored PL/SQL and Java Subprograms
External Procedures
Using Dynamic SQL
Host Arrays
Why Use Arrays?
Declaring Host Arrays
Using Arrays in SQL Statements
Selecting into Arrays
Inserting with Arrays
Updating with Arrays
Deleting with Arrays
Using the FOR Clause
Using the WHERE Clause
Arrays of Structs
Mimicking CURRENT OF
Handling Runtime Errors
The Need for Error Handling
Error Handling Alternatives
The SQLSTATE Status Variable
Declaring SQLCODE
Key Components of Error Reporting Using the SQLCA
Using the SQL Communications Area (SQLCA)
Getting the Full Text of Error Messages
Using the WHENEVER Directive
Obtaining the Text of SQL Statements
Using the Oracle Communications Area (ORACA)
Precompiler Options
The Precompiler Command
Precompiler Options
Quick Reference
Entering Options
Using the Precompiler Options
Multithreaded Applications
What are Threads?
Runtime Contexts in Pro*C/C++
Runtime Context Usage Models
User Interface Features for Multithreaded Applications
Multithreaded Example
C++ Applications
Understanding C++ Support
Precompiling for C++
Sample Programs
Oracle Dynamic SQL
What Is Dynamic SQL?
Advantages and Disadvantages of Dynamic SQL
When to Use Dynamic SQL
Requirements for Dynamic SQL Statements
How Dynamic SQL Statements Are Processed
Methods for Using Dynamic SQL
Using Method 1
Using Method 2
Using Method 3
Using Method 4
Using the DECLARE STATEMENT Statement
Using PL/SQL
ANSI Dynamic SQL
Basics of ANSI Dynamic SQL
Overview of ANSI SQL Statements
Oracle Extensions
ANSI Dynamic SQL Precompiler Options
Full Syntax of the Dynamic SQL Statements
Sample Programs
Oracle Dynamic SQL: Method 4
Meeting the Special Requirements of Method 4
Understanding the SQLDA
Using the SQLDA Variables
Some Preliminaries
The Basic Steps
A Closer Look at Each Step
Sample Program: Dynamic SQL Method 4
Large Objects (LOBs)
What are LOBs?
How to Use LOBs in Your Program
Rules for LOB Statements
LOB Statements
LOBs and the Navigational Interface
LOB Program Examples
Objects
Introduction to Objects
Using Object Types in Pro*C/C++
The Object Cache
Associative Interface
Navigational Interface
Converting Object Attributes and C Types
Object Options Set/Get
New Precompiler Options for Objects
An Object Example in Pro*C/C++
Sample Code for Navigational Access
Using C Structures
Using REFs
Using OCIDate, OCIString, OCINumber, and OCIRaw
Summarizing the New Database Types in Pro*C/C++
Restrictions on Using Oracle8i Datatypes in Dynamic SQL
Collections
Collections
Descriptors for Collections
OBJECT GET and SET
Collection Statements
Collection Sample Code
The Object Type Translator
OTT Overview
What Is the Object Type Translator
Using OTT with OCI Applications
Using OTT with Pro*C/C++ Applications
OTT Reference
User Exits
What Is a User Exit?
Why Write a User Exit?
Developing a User Exit
Writing a User Exit
Calling a User Exit
Passing Parameters to a User Exit
Returning Values to a Form
An Example
Precompiling and Compiling a User Exit
Sample Program: A User Exit
Using the GENXTB Utility
Linking a User Exit into SQL*Forms
Guidelines
EXEC TOOLS Statements
New Features
Array of Structs
Precompiled Header Files
CALL Statement
Changing Passwords at Runtime
Support for National Character Sets
CHAR_MAP Precompiler Option
New Names for SQLLIB Functions
New Actions in WHENEVER Statement
Object Type Support
Object Type Translator
LOB Support
ANSI Dynamic SQL
Collections
Miscellaneous Topics
Migration From Earlier Releases
Reserved Words, Keywords, and Namespaces
Reserved Words and Keywords
Oracle Reserved Namespaces
Performance Tuning
What Causes Poor Performance?
How Can Performance Be Improved?
Using Host Arrays
Using Embedded PL/SQL
Optimizing SQL Statements
Using Indexes
Taking Advantage of Row-Level Locking
Eliminating Unnecessary Parsing
Syntactic and Semantic Checking
What Is Syntactic and Semantic Checking?
Controlling the Type and Extent of Checking
Specifying SQLCHECK=SEMANTICS
Specifying SQLCHECK=SYNTAX
Entering the SQLCHECK Option
System-Specific References
System-Specific Information
Embedded SQL Statements and Directives
Summary of Precompiler Directives and Embedded SQL Statements
About The Statement Descriptions
How to Read Syntax Diagrams
ALLOCATE (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR (Executable Embedded SQL)
CACHE FREE ALL (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
CALL (Executable Embedded SQL)
CLOSE (Executable Embedded SQL)
COLLECTION APPEND (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
COLLECTION DESCRIBE (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
COLLECTION GET (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
COLLECTION RESET (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
COLLECTION SET (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
COLLECTION TRIM (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
COMMIT (Executable Embedded SQL)
CONNECT (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
CONTEXT ALLOCATE (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
CONTEXT FREE (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
CONTEXT OBJECT OPTION GET (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
CONTEXT OBJECT OPTION SET (Executable Embedded SQL Ext)
CONTEXT USE (Oracle Embedded SQL Directive)
DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR (Embedded SQL Statement)
DECLARE CURSOR (Embedded SQL Directive)
DECLARE DATABASE (Oracle Embedded SQL Directive)
DECLARE STATEMENT (Embedded SQL Directive)
DECLARE TABLE (Oracle Embedded SQL Directive)
DECLARE TYPE (Oracle Embedded SQL Directive)
DELETE (Executable Embedded SQL)
DESCRIBE (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
DESCRIBE DESCRIPTOR (Executable Embedded SQL)
ENABLE THREADS (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
EXECUTE ... END-EXEC (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
EXECUTE (Executable Embedded SQL)
EXECUTE DESCRIPTOR (Executable Embedded SQL)
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE (Executable Embedded SQL)
FETCH (Executable Embedded SQL)
FETCH DESCRIPTOR (Executable Embedded SQL)
FREE (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
GET DESCRIPTOR (Executable Embedded SQL)
INSERT (Executable Embedded SQL)
LOB APPEND (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
LOB ASSIGN (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
LOB CLOSE (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
LOB COPY (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
LOB CREATE TEMPORARY (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
LOB DESCRIBE (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
LOB DISABLE BUFFERING (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
LOB ENABLE BUFFERING (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
LOB ERASE (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
LOB FILE CLOSE ALL (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
LOB FILE SET (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
LOB FLUSH BUFFER (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
LOB FREE TEMPORARY (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
LOB LOAD (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
LOB OPEN (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
LOB READ (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
LOB TRIM (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
LOB WRITE (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
OBJECT CREATE (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
OBJECT DELETE (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
OBJECT DEREF (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
OBJECT FLUSH (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
OBJECT GET (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
OBJECT RELEASE (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
OBJECT SET (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
OBJECT UPDATE (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
OPEN (Executable Embedded SQL)
OPEN DESCRIPTOR (Executable Embedded SQL)
PREPARE (Executable Embedded SQL)
REGISTER CONNECT (Executable Embedded SQL Extension)
ROLLBACK (Executable Embedded SQL)
SAVEPOINT (Executable Embedded SQL)
SELECT (Executable Embedded SQL)
SET DESCRIPTOR (Executable Embedded SQL)
TYPE (Oracle Embedded SQL Directive)
UPDATE (Executable Embedded SQL)
VAR (Oracle Embedded SQL Directive)
WHENEVER (Embedded SQL Directive)
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